| West African Gas Pipeline | |
|---|---|
| Location | |
| Country | Nigeria, Benin, Togo, Ghana |
| General direction | east–west |
| From | Itoki terminal, Lagos, Nigeria |
| To | Takoradi, Ghana |
| General information | |
| Type | natural gas |
| Owner | West African Gas Pipeline Company Limited |
| Partners | Chevron, Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, Royal Dutch Shell, Volta River Authority, Société Togolaise de Gaz, Société Beninoise de Gaz |
| Operator | Chevron |
| Contractors | Willbros |
| Commissioned | 2006 |
| Technical information | |
| Length | 678 km (421 mi) |
| Maximum discharge | 5 billion cubic meter per year |
| Diameter | 20 in (508 mm) |
The West African Gas Pipeline (WAGP) is a natural gas pipeline to supply gas from Nigeria's Escravos region of Niger Delta area to Benin, Togo and Ghana. It is the first regional natural gas transmission system in sub-Saharan Africa.
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The project history began in 1982, when the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) proposed the development of a natural gas pipeline throughout West Africa. In 1991, a feasibility report conducted by the World Bank on supplying Nigerian gas on West African markets deemed that a project was commercially viable.[1] In September 1995, the governments of four African countries signed a Heads of Agreement. The feasibility study was carried out in 1999. On 11 August 1999, a Memorandum of Understanding was signed by participating countries in Cotonou. In February 2000, an Inter-Governmental Agreement was signed.[1][2] The WAGP implementation agreement was signed in 2003. Groundbreaking ceremonies for the project were held at Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana, on 3 December 2004.[3] The construction started in 2005.[4] The offshore pipeline was completed in December 2006. It was scheduled to start operating on 23 December 2007 but was delayed after leaks were detected in supply pipelines in Nigeria.[4][5] The second delivery deadline was scheduled on 13 February 2008, but regular deliveries were delayed again, when one of the contractors of Willbros was shot and killed in Nigeria by armed robbers.[5][6] The pipeline was commissioned on 13 May 2008.[7] The gas deliveries were expected again by the end of 2009 after commissioning of the Takoradi and Tema regulating and metering stations in Ghana, compressor station at Lagos Beach in Nigeria, and regulating and metering stations in Cotonou in Benin and Lome in Togo; however, deliveries were postponed again.[8] According to the company, the reason was a high content of moisture found in the gas pipeline laid onshore.[9]
The pipeline consists three sections with a total length of 678 kilometres (421 mi).[5][10] The 569 kilometres (354 mi) long offshore section starts at starts the Itoki terminal in southeastern Nigeria and runs through the waters of Benin, Togo and Ghana parallel to the coastline, approximately 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) to 20 kilometres (12 mi) offshore in water depths of between 30 metres (98 ft) and 75 metres (246 ft). The Nigerian onshore section of the pipeline connects the offshore section compressor station at Lagos Beach with the Chevron-owned Escravos–Lagos pipeline system, operational since 1989.[11] It is possible that later the WAGP will be extended to Côte d'Ivoire and in longer term even to Senegal.[12]
The diameter of the onshore section is 30 inches (760 mm). The diameter of the offshore pipeline is 20 inches (510 mm) and the capacity is 5 billion cubic meter (bcm) of natural gas per year.[10][13] The pipeline was constructed by Willbros, with Bredero Shaw Ltd appling a concrete coating to the pipeline at its facility in Tema, Ghana. The pre-commissioning services were provided by BJ Process and Pipeline Services.[10] The total pipeline costs around US$974 million, for which the World Bank provided a guarantee of $50 million for Ghana, while the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency provided a $75 million political risk guarantee for WAGPo as a whole.[4][14]
The pipeline is owned by West African Gas Pipeline Company Limited (WAGPCo), a consortium of Chevron (36.7%), Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (25%), Royal Dutch Shell (18%), Volta River Authority of Ghana (16.3%), Société Togolaise de Gaz (SoToGaz - 2%) and Société Beninoise de Gaz S.A. (SoBeGaz - 2%).[6] The managing director of the company is Charles Adeniji.[15] It is operated by Chevron Corporation.
In Ghana, provided gas will be used by the Takoradi Power Station at Aboadze near Takoradi, operated by Volta River Authority and the Takoradi International Company's (TICO).[6]
Environmental group Friends of the Earth has criticized the project, after local communities in Nigeria complained it would damage land, destroy livelihoods and pollute fishing areas.[4]